Ginger extract

Ginger Extract Properties
Boiling point 229.5-229.9℃ at 101.3kPa
Density 0.878-0.878g/cm3 at 20℃
Vapor pressure 83-85hPa at 20℃
FEMA 2521 | GINGER EXTRACT (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE ROSC.)
Refractive index n20/D1.527
Flash point 76℃
Form Solid
Color Light yellow to yellow
Odor (Odor) Sweet ginger spice woody aroma
Fragrance spicy
Ginger Extract Uses and Synthesis Methods
Plant Extracts
Ginger extract is a fresh rhizome extract of ginger, a plant of the genus Zingiberaceae, and its main components are gingerene, gingerol, bisabolene, α-curcumene, methyl heptenone, etc. The main component of gingerol is ginger oil, which is a yellow oily liquid with a spicy and bitter taste. Gingerol can be decomposed into a mixture of gingerol, gingerol, and gingerterpene. It has the effects of dispelling cold, warming the middle and stopping vomiting, and resolving phlegm and relieving cough. It is often used for colds, stomach cold vomiting, cold phlegm cough, etc.

Extraction source
It is the fresh rhizome of ginger, a plant of the genus Zingiberaceae. There are about 80 species of ginger in the world, and about 14 species in China. It is also called fire ginger and big meat ginger. Ginger, plant height 0.5~1m. The rhizome is thick, branched, fragrant and spicy. The leaves are lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 15~30cm long, 2~2.5cm wide, hairless, and sessile; the ligule is membranous, 2~4mm long. The peduncle is up to 25cm long; the spike inflorescence is cone-shaped, 4-5cm long; the bracts are ovate, about 2.5cm long, light green or light yellow on the edges, with a small tip at the top; the calyx tube is about 1cm long; the corolla is yellow-green, 2-2.5cm long, and the lobes are lanceolate, less than 2cm long; the central lobe of the lip is oblong-obovate, shorter than the corolla lobe, with purple stripes and light yellow spots, and the lateral lobes are ovate, about 6mm long; the stamens are dark purple, and the anthers are about 9mm long; the connective appendages are awl-shaped, about 7mm long. Flowering season is autumn. Habitat and distribution It is widely cultivated in central, southeastern and southwestern provinces and regions of China. It is also commonly cultivated in Asia.

Chemical composition
Ginger contains 0.25% to 3.0% volatile oil. The main components of ginger extract are gingerol (Zingiberol), zingiberene (Zingiberene), phellandrene (Phellandrene), camphene (Camphene), citral (Citral), linalool (Linalool), methyl heptenone, nonanal, d-borneol (d-Borneol), etc. The aromatic components of ginger volatile oil include α-terpineol, citral-a and -b, β-sesquiphellandrene (β-Sesquiphellandrene), arcurcumene (Arcurcumene), nerolidol (Nerolidol) and sesquiphellandrol (Sesquiphellandrol), etc. It is also reported that ginger contains 72 volatile components, including monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and esters, among which the main components are 21.8% gingerene, 9.4% geraniol, 9.9% geranial, 7.9% β-bisabolene, 6.2% 1,8-Cinol, 5.6% α-Terpineol, 5.4% borneol, etc. The main components of ginger volatile oil vary greatly depending on factors such as the place of origin.

The pungent ingredients include gingerol homologues 6-, 8-, 10-, 12- and 14-gingerols and methylgingerol homologues methyl-6-, methyl-8-, methyl-10- and methyl-12-gingerols, of which 6-gingerol is the most important. The content of pungent ingredients in ginger is: 11.88% for 6-gingerol, 1.67% for 8-gingerol, 2.38% for 10-gingerol, while the content of 6-shogaol is very small. Gingerols are heat-labile ingredients, which gradually dehydrate to form corresponding shogaols during heating and storage, or undergo reverse aldol condensation to form zingerone and corresponding aldehydes. The heating degradation products of gingerol also include aldehydes and ketones, such as hexanal, octanal, decanal, dodecanone, 2-undecanone, 2-tridecanone and gingerolone.
Ginger also contains gingerdiones, which may be intermediates in the synthesis of gingerols, such as desmethylhexahydrocurcumin and hexahydrocurcumins, gingerols, such as methyl gingerdiol, gingerdiol acetate, and methyl gingerdiol acetate; diterpenoid components galanolactone and (E) -8β, 17-epoxylabd-12-ene-15, 16-dial; Aps, Glu, Ser and other amino acids and lipid components. In addition, ginger also contains colloids, starch and some rare ingredients.
Characteristics
Ginger extract has almost the same aroma and flavor as ginger; it is completely dissolved in water and the flavor can be completely released; it has good dispersibility and stable performance.

Pharmacological effects
1. Anti-cancer effect
Ginger juice can inhibit the growth of cancer cells to a certain extent. Adding ginger extract to some anti-tumor drugs can reduce the side effects of anti-tumor drugs. Ginger has an inhibitory effect on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. The inhibition rate of ginger decoction on mouse sarcoma S180 reached 82.2%. 2. Effect on the cardiovascular system
Ginger alcohol extract has an excitatory effect on the vasomotor center of anesthetized cats and can directly excite the heart. Chewing 1g of ginger (without swallowing) can increase blood pressure by an average of 1.49/1.87kPa in normal people, and has no significant effect on pulse rate. Intravenous injection of gingerol to rats can cause a three-way change in rat blood pressure: a temporary decrease, followed by an increase, and then a continuous decrease. The pressor effect can be inhibited by terazoline, and the hypotensive effect can be inhibited by cutting off the vagus nerve.
3. Anti-pathogenic microbial effect
Ginger alcohol extract has a significant inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus albus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella sonnei, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and has a significant decreasing effect on the P/N value of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg); ginger decoction has a significant inhibitory effect on Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Pneumococcus, and has a certain inhibitory effect on Trichophyton violaceum and Trichomonas vaginalis.
4. Antioxidant effect
Fresh ginger extract 5.56mg/mL has the effect of scavenging superoxide anion free radicals (O2-·), 2.08mg/mL can significantly inhibit the lipid peroxidation reaction of rat liver homogenate, and 11.11mg/mL has a protective effect on O2-·induced hyaluronic acid depolymerization. For hydroxyl free radicals HO·, ginger has a significant scavenging effect at a concentration of 5μg/kg, and the scavenging rate reaches 67.8% at a concentration of 20μg/kg. Fresh ginger has a stronger antioxidant effect than stored ginger, which may be related to aromatic and phenolic compounds, tocopherols and phospholipids. Ginger extract can inhibit DNA damage caused by lipid peroxidation, which may be related to its removal of reactive oxygen and inhibition of the formation of hydroperoxides and oxidation products.
5. Regulate the central nervous system
Ginger extract has an inhibitory effect on the central nervous system. Both 6-gingerol and 6-gingerenone can inhibit spontaneous activity in mice, prolong the sleep time induced by sodium pentobarbital or cyclohexene barbital, enhance its hypnotic effect, and counteract convulsions caused by pentylenetetrazol, yeast-induced hypothermia and analgesia in rats, and gingerol has a stronger effect than gingerenone. Ginger oil has similar biological characteristics and the same central inhibitory effect as 6-gingerol, and it is effective when injected intraperitoneally in small amounts (0.12mL/kg). The site of action on the central nervous system is above the spinal cord, and its mechanism may be related to the facilitation process of inhibiting excitatory synapses. Intravenous injection of ginger ethanol extract can change the cortical EEG of rabbits from low-amplitude fast waves to high-amplitude slow waves. Intraperitoneal injection of fresh ginger injection 5 or 10g/kg in mice has a significant analgesic effect.
6. Antagonism of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
The acetone extract of ginger can inhibit the contraction of guinea pig isolated ileum caused by 5-HT, and the effective ingredients are 6-, 8- and 10-gingerol. Oral intake of 100mg/kg acetone extract or 10mg/kg 6-gingerol can inhibit the hypothermia caused by 5-HT. Acetone extract, 6-gingerol, 6-dehydrogingerdione, 8- and 10-gingerol also have an inhibitory effect on mouse diarrhea caused by 5-HT, among which 6-gingerol has a stronger effect. Galangalactone, a diterpenoid component contained in the acetone extract, has a strong anti-5-HT effect and can counteract the contraction of isolated guinea pig ileum, rat stomach and rabbit thoracic aorta caused by 5-HT. The anti-5-HT effect of galangalactone in isolated guinea pig ileum (mainly 5-HT3 receptors) is greater than that in rat gastric fundus strips (containing more 5-HT1 receptors) and rabbit aorta strips (mainly containing 5-HT2 receptors). Therefore, it is a 5-HT3 antagonist, which is related to the antiemetic effect of ginger.
7. Effects on the digestive system
(1) Anti-ulcer Ginger extract has an anti-hydrochloric acid-ethanol ulcer effect. Gavage of 1000 mg/kg of ginger acetone extract, 30 mg/kg of acetone extract component III, 100 mg/kg of gingerol, or 100 mg/kg of 6-gingerol to rats showed significant inhibitory effects on hydrochloric acid-ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage, with inhibition rates of 97.5%, 98.4%, 53.65%, and 54.4%, respectively. The active ingredient of ginger against hydrochloric acid-ethanol ulcers is gingerol, which can protect the gastric mucosa. The pungent component of ginger, 6-gingerol, also has a preventive effect on hydrochloric acid-ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage. Oral intake of 10% ginger water extract can significantly inhibit hydrochloric acid and stress-induced gastric mucosal damage. If indomethacin is used to block PG synthesis, this protective effect disappears, indicating that its protective effect may be caused by ginger stimulating the synthesis of gastric mucosa and the release of endogenous PG with cytoprotective effects. 0.5g/kg ginger water extract also has a significant effect on reducing gastric mucosal damage caused by anhydrous ethanol and indomethacin in rats, and can promote gastric juice secretion and increase the amount of mucus bound to the gastric wall. In addition, 500 mg/kg of furan-geranone extracted from ginger has the effect of preventing stress ulcers in mice when administered intragastrically.
(2) Antiemetic Ginger extract can inhibit vomiting in dogs caused by the peripheral emetic copper sulfate. Ingestion of 30mL 10% to 50% ginger juice is also effective, but 30mL 5% ginger juice is ineffective. Ginger is ineffective against vomiting in dogs caused by the central emetic apomorphine and vomiting in pigeons caused by digitalis, so ginger is believed to have a peripheral antiemetic effect. A mixture of gingerol and zingiberone can also inhibit the emetic effect of copper sulfate. The minimum effective dose is 3mg, while gingerol and zingiberone are ineffective. Therefore, it is believed that the active ingredient that exerts the antiemetic effect is a mixture of gingerol and zingiberone.
(3) Promote gastric juice secretion. Giving 2 mL of 10% ginger water extract to rats with pylorus ligation significantly increased gastric juice secretion, total gastric juice acidity and total acid excretion. Ginger water extract has a dual inhibitory and excitatory effect on dog gastric acid and gastric juice. Inhibition occurs within the first few hours, followed by a longer period of excitation. Infusing 200 mL of 25% ginger water extract into the stomach, or giving 0.1, 0.5 or 1 g of ginger on an empty stomach, all promote gastric juice secretion. However, after consuming 0.1 to 1 g of ginger, the digestive effect of pepsin on protein is reduced, while the effect of lipase is enhanced. Pancreatic enzymes have a strong digestive power for starch, protein and fat, and ginger has a significant inhibitory effect on pancreatic enzymes, which significantly reduces the saccharification of starch, starch dextrinization and fat digestion of pancreatic enzymes.
(4) Strengthen gastrointestinal motility. Ginger extract can act on the sympathetic and vagus nerve systems, inhibiting gastric function and directly exciting gastric smooth muscle. Intravenous injection of 6-ginger ethanol extract can temporarily reduce the amplitude of gastric motility in rabbits in vivo, first stimulate and then inhibit the amplitude of gastric fundus strips in vitro in rats, and have a contraction effect on isolated ileum. Both gingerol and gingerol can inhibit the contraction of the in situ stomach, and the former has a stronger effect. Gingerol and gingerol have a relaxing effect on intestinal smooth muscle. Ginger oil ketone, the decomposition product of ginger extract after alkali treatment, can also relax the intestinal tract of rabbits and weaken peristalsis. 75mg/kg of ginger acetone extract, 2.5mg/kg of 6-gingerol or 5mg/kg of 6-, 8-, 10-gingerol can promote the propulsion of charcoal in the small intestine of mice. Its effect is similar to that of metoclopramide and pyrimidine but weaker. It has also been reported that 3.5mg/kg of 6-gingerol can inhibit the propulsion of charcoal after intravenous injection, while 35 mg/kg can promote the propulsion of charcoal after intravenous injection.
(5) Protecting the liver and promoting bile secretion The spicy ingredients of ginger extract, gingerol and zingiberone, have an inhibitory effect on both CCl4-induced and galactosamine-induced liver damage. Ginger oil 0.32 and 0.4 mL/kg was administered intragastrically for 2 days, which had a therapeutic effect on CCl4-induced liver damage in rats and could reduce serum alanine aminotransferase (SGPT); 0.25 mL/kg was administered intragastrically for 5 days, which had a preventive effect on CCl4-induced liver damage in mice and could reduce BSP retention. In addition, 5 mL/kg (body weight) of ginger honey sealed solution was administered intragastrically once a day for 7 days, which was effective for CCl4-induced liver damage in rats, with a significant reduction in serum SGPT and SGOT, and less liver lobule damage, hepatocyte fatty degeneration and necrosis. In addition, it is also effective for 60% ethanol-induced liver damage in rats. The acetone extract of ginger 500mg/kg, 6-gingerol or 100mg/kg duodenal injection have a strong choleretic effect on rats, while the water extract has no obvious effect. The effect of 6-gingerol is stronger than that of 10-gingerol, and its intensity is similar to that of sodium dehydrocholate.
8. Inhibition of the synthesis of nitrosamines
Ginger has a significant blocking effect on nitrosation reaction under simulated gastric fluid conditions. In the reaction system, the blocking rate of ginger juice clear liquid on the synthesis of nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) is 75%, the whole ginger juice is 86%, and the ginger juice precipitate is 8%; the blocking rate of ginger juice clear liquid on the synthesis of nitrosoproline (NPRO) is 83%. Ginger can destroy NO2-·, reduce the content of NO2-· in the system, and the clear liquid has a scavenging rate of NO2-· of 86%. The active ingredients in ginger that inhibit the synthesis of nitrosamines are heat-stable and still maintain a strong activity after being heated in boiling water for a long time.
9. Other effects
Ginger alcohol extract has an excitatory effect on the vasomotor and respiratory centers of anesthetized cats. Intravenous injection of 6-gingerol 0.5 mg/kg